Sunday, April 14, 2013

Tomato Plants needs TLC and Great Patience











Edited by Jack Herrick, Edge, Syndi B, Krystle C. and 127 others
Are you learning to grow your own sweet, juicy tomatoes? Luckily for you, tomato plants can grow almost anywhere, that is warm and a little damp. But as with most vegetation that produce a fruit, a little "tender, loving care" or TLC goes a long way. With adequate sunlight, water, and patience, you'll be greatly rewarded with a six foot tall tomato plant with big red juicy tomatoes! Tomatoes take a long time to grow so you must have great patience. That's all you need to do to get your tomato plant growing. Have fun growing!

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    Tomato Disease Identification Key by Affected Plant Part: Leaf Symptoms
    Tomato plant drawing

    Generalized tomato plant adapted from Plant Pathology 4th edition by G. N. Agrios copyright 1997 as Figure 1-1 published by Academic Press, San Diego, CA, with permission from Elsevier.
    Guía sinóptica para hoja de tomate en espanol.
    Leaf Symptoms by pathogen groups or other causes
    Bacterial
    Fungal
    Oomycetes
    Viruses
    Viroids
    Phytoplasma
    Physiological/Weather
    Damage from
    Nutritional disorders

    Leaf Symptoms

    Black or dark brown spots usually circular and varying in size (see individual characteristic symptoms to fine tune diagnosis

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    bacterial speck Bacterial speck   tiny, dark brown to black spots with surrounding yellow halo fruit, stem
    bacterial spot Bacterial spot    small dark brown to black circular spots, initially water-soaked, coalescing and becoming angular, may have yellow halo fruit, stem
    Syringae leaf spot brown spots with and without a halo, appearing similar to bacterial speck fruit, stem
    early blight Early blight  initially appears a irregular lesions on oldest mature leaves near the ground; lesions expand, becoming dark brown and necrotic with concentric black rings giving a target-like appearance; may have a chlorotic area surrounding lesion fruit, stem, whole plant
    septoria leaf spot Septoria leaf spot  initially small circular water-soaked spots beginning on older leaves; spots enlarge in diameter with a black or brown border and with gray centers that are speckled with small black fruiting bodies stem, whole plant
    gray leaf spot Gray leaf spot small brownish lesions becoming irregular and often surrounded by chlorotic areas; lesion will dry up and develop cracks; southern states whole plant
    target spot lesions Target spot initially as tiny lesions, expanding with yellow halos; lesions coalesce leading to collapse of tissue; southern states fruit, stem
    tomato spotted wilt Tomato spotted wilt virus tiny irregular brown spots, streaks, and ring spots usually on the youngest leaves; southern states fruit, stem,
    whole plant

    Marginal browning of leaf tissue, with necrotic spots and irregular interveinal lesions later in disease development

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    bacterial canker Bacterial canker brown margin with yellow border to inside; characteristically the leaves remain attached to the plant fruit, stem, whole plant

    Chlorotic lesion on upper surface, sporulation on lower surface

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    leaf mold Leaf mold light yellowish areas on upper surface corresponds with olive-brown fungal masses on lower surface; primarily a greenhouse disease and taken to the field on transplants fruit, stem
      Powdery mildew (Leveillula) yellow lesions on the upper surface with a light powdery fungal sporulation on the lower surface; typically found in dryer western states stem

    Broad irregular water-soaked lesion turning dark brown or beige with white sporulating growth during wet weather

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    late blight Late blight large water-soaked lesions which become black with white sporulation on the margin of lesion, usually on lower surface but occasionally on upper leaf surface; appear beige in color once lesions dry out in hot weather fruit, stem, whole plant

    Broad irregular lesion with gray fungal sporulation

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    gray mold (botrytis) Gray mold  light brown spots, often start at wound or dead tissue; fuzzy gray fungal growth when moist; common in greenhouse production when poorly ventilated fruit, stem, whole plant

    Zonate shaped lesions during wet weather

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Zonate spot Zonate spot
    (Cristulariella)
    light tan lesions with distinct concentric rings; occurs during wet weather and could be confused with late blight; associated with nearby infected box elder and black walnut trees fruit, stem

    Whitish fungal growth mainly circular or upper surface

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    powdery mildew (Oidium) Powdery mildew (Oidium) white, powdery fungal growth appears on upper and lower leaf surface; typically a greenhouse problem, but can be taken to the field on transplants stem

    Yellowing, necrosis and wilting of leaves

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    bacterial canker Bacterial canker brown marginal lesions and later developing interveinally as irregular lesions; yellowing leaves on wilting plants, remain attached to stems fruit, stem, whole plant
    bacterial pith necrosis Bacterial pith necrosis yellowing and wilting of leaves, blacking and enlarging of petioles and nodes, and progressing to top of plant stem, whole plant
      Fusarium foot rot (F. solani) interveinal chlorosis and necrosis of leaves later turning brown stem, roots, whole plant
      Fusarium crown and root rot (F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici) yellowing of older leaves and progressing to top of plants after mature green fruit stages stem, roots, whole plant
      Fusarium wilt (F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, 3 races) begins as yellowing of oldest leaves, and progressing upward, often with yellowing on one side of leaf or branch; brown vascular tissue in stem at crown and above stem, roots, whole plant
    verticillium wilt Verticillium wilt
    yellowing with a V-shaped pattern turning brown with brown vascular tissue inside stem at crown of plant stem, roots, whole plant

    Yellowing and bronzing, or calico with stunting

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    tomato spotted wilt Tomato spotted wilt virus as the full manifestation of disease develops (see above), leaves will also show yellowing and bronzing fruit, stem, whole plant
    Alfalfa mosaic Alfalfa mosaic virus yellowing and purpling develops on mature plant leaves, while calico symptoms appear on young leaves fruit, stem, whole plant

    Fernleaf appearance or symptoms as green mottling

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Cucumber mosaic Cucumber mosaic leaves are susceptible at all stages, but symptoms can consist of mottling and severe fernleaf or “shoestring” appearance; occurrence of satellite viruses can greatly modify symptoms fruit, stem, whole plant

    Leaf distortion and mottling

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Tobacco etch Tobacco etch leaves are susceptible at all stages; symptoms consist of mottling and leaf distortion fruit, stem, whole plant
    Potato virus YPotato virus Y Potato virus Y faint mottling and slight distortion along with veinbanding mosaic; field symptoms include dark brown dead areas; other necrotic strains reported fruit, stem, whole plant

    Chlorotic mottling or fernleaf under cool growing conditions

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Tobacco (tomato) mosaic Tobacco (tomato) mosaic common strains cause mottled areas of light and dark green on the leaves; aucuba strains cause yellowing; leaves also may exhibit leafrolling and fernleaf-like symptoms fruit, stem, whole plant

    Dark brown streaks on foliage, stems, fruit

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Tobacco mosaic & Potato virus X-double streak Tobacco mosaic & Potato virus X-double streak mixture of two viruses prompts dark brown to black streaks with downward leaf curl fruit, stem, whole plant

    Leafroll, marginal yellowing and rugosity

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Potato leafroll Potato leafroll leaf rolling and marginal leaf chlorosis fruit, stem, whole plant

    Leafroll, but without yellowing or rugosity

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Physiological leafroll Physiological leafroll pronounced leafroll of foliage over most of plant whole plant

    Plant stunting, rugosity and leaf distortion

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Tomato planta macho Tomato planta macho stunting, apical proliferation, leaf narrowing, chlorosis, necrosis, crinkling and brittleness of leaf tissue fruit, stem, whole plant
    Tomato bunchy top Tomato bunchy top see above fruit, stem, whole plant
    Tomato apical stunt Tomato apical stunt see above fruit, stem, whole plant

    Big bud of flower parts

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Tomato big bud Tomato big bud leaves are small, distorted and yellowish green fruit, stem, whole plant

    Green callus-like growth on upper and lower surface

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    edema on tomato leaves Edema green callus-like growth on both the upper and lower leaf surface; tissue may tear as leaf matures as shown in illustrations  

    Insect related injury; virus-like or herbicide-like damage (plant growth regulator or toxin)

    Symptoms  

    Pest

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    irregular ripening Silverleaf whitefly both adult and nymphal stages have piercing-sucking mouthparts that cause spotting and later chlorosis fruit
    Broad mite damage Broad mite symptoms on tomato and potato appear similar with leaf necrosis, particularly along the veins on the underneath surface with rugosity and stunting of terminal leaf growth.  

    Virus-like symptoms caused by herbicides

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    2,4-D (Phenoxy) 2,4-D (Phenoxy) extent of damage depends upon dosage received; growth distortion and fernleaf-like symptoms fruit, stem, whole plant
    Glyphosate (Roundup, Phosphono amino acids) Glyphosate (Roundup, Phosphono amino acids) extent of damage is illustrated and depends upon dosage received; terminal epinasty with fernleaf distortion, yellowing and necrosis and stunting, or bright yellowing fruit, stem, whole plant

    Insecticide injury

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Malathion (insecticide) Malathion (insecticide) classical pesticide burn on upper and lower leaf surface, free of any fungal growth, unless secondaries have invaded tissue fruit, stem, whole plant

    Nutrient deficiencies

    Symptoms  

    Disease

    Characteristic symptoms

    Other parts affected

    Magnesium damage Magnesium chlorosis and chlorotic blotches later becoming necrotic whole plant
    iron damage Iron yellowing between veins and rare on mature leaves whole plant

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